Daily Current Affairs UPSC: News Based MCQs Quiz | 2nd September 2025

Answer: (A) 1 only

Detailed Explanation

Answer: (A) Only one

Detailed Explanation

• Key Indian Supreme Court judgments on the “right to education” include the Mohini Jain case (1992), which declared education a fundamental right derived from the right to life (Article 21), and the Unni Krishnan case (1993), which further established the state’s obligation to provide education. These rulings paved the way for the 86th Constitutional Amendment in 2002, making education a fundamental right, and the subsequent Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. The Society for Unaided Private Schools case (2012) upheld the RTE Act’s provision for 25% reservation in private schools for disadvantaged children but exempted minority schools.

Precursors to the Fundamental Right

• Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka (1992):
• The Supreme Court affirmed that the right to education is a fundamental right flowing from the Right to Life (Article 21) under the Constitution. This implied a state obligation to provide education.
• Unni Krishnan J. P. v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993):
• This landmark judgment built on the Mohini Jain case, declaring that the right to education is implicit in the right to life and dignity. The court stated the state must provide education up to age 14.

Constitutional Recognition and Legislation

• 86th Constitutional Amendment (2002):
• This amendment formally added Article 21A to the Constitution, making the right to free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 a fundamental right.
• Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009:
• This Act was passed to implement the constitutional mandate, ensuring free and compulsory education for all children in this age group.
• Clarifying the Right to Education in Practice
• Society for Unaided Private Schools v. India (2012):
• The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of Section 12(1)(c) of the RTE Act, which mandates private schools to reserve 25% of seats for children from disadvantaged groups. However, the Court held that minority schools are exempt from this provision, as it would infringe upon their right to establish and administer their own institutions.
• Avinash Mehrotra v. Union of India (2012):
• While this case is mentioned in the context of the right to education, the primary details provided in the search snippets refer to the 86th Amendment and the RTE Act itself, rather than a specific new judgment.
• In summary, the journey of the “right to education” in India has been one of judicial pronouncements progressively solidifying it from a directive principle to a fundamental right, followed by legislative action to make it a reality, with courts continuing to interpret and clarify the practical application of this right

Answer: (B) Nagaland

Detailed Explanation

Answer: (A) 1 only

Detailed Explanation

Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Detailed Explanation

• INS Tamal (F71) is an Indo-Russian multi-role stealth frigate, commissioned into the Indian Navy on July 1, 2025, at Kaliningrad, Russia. It is the second of the Tushil class frigates and represents the last imported Indian warship, built by Russia.
• INS Tamal is equipped with advanced weaponry, including BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, a 100 mm main gun, and anti-submarine rockets, and is designed for multi-dimensional warfare in air, surface, and underwater domains.
• The frigate will be home-ported in Karwar, Karnataka, and will play a vital role in safeguarding India’s maritime interests.