Daily Current Affairs UPSC: News Based MCQs Quiz | 7th October 2025

Answer: (B) 2 only

Detailed Explanation

• The Human Rights Council is the main intergovernmental body within the United Nations responsible for human rights. Established in 2006 by the General Assembly, it is responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe.
• The Council, composed of 47 Member States, provides a multilateral forum to address human rights violations and country situations. It responds to human rights emergencies and makes recommendations on how to better implement human rights on the ground.
• The Council benefits from substantive, technical, and secretariat support from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
• The Human Rights Council replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights.

Persistent criticisms of the new Council

• While the UN Human Rights Council was established with reforms intended to prevent the issues that plagued the Commission, many of the same criticisms continue today. Ongoing problems include:
• Membership of abusive regimes: Authoritarian and dictatorial regimes like China, Cuba, Eritrea, and Saudi Arabia have secured seats on the Council, where they use their influence to block scrutiny of their own records.
• Continued political bias: The Council is accused of disproportionately focusing on some countries, particularly Israel, while ignoring or downplaying human rights abuses in other nations. For example, in 2022, a resolution concerning the Uyghur human rights crisis in China failed to pass the Council.
• Prioritizing “pet projects”: Critics argue that the Council sometimes focuses on less controversial or more minor issues while failing to act effectively on some of the world’s gravest abuses.
• Influence of “bloc voting”: Politically motivated alliances, like the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), have been accused of using the Council to achieve political goals rather than promote human rights.
• Limited enforceability: Much of what is debated at the Council does not result in enforceable action, with many recommendations discarded on the grounds of state sovereignty.

Answer: (C) Four peptide chain

Detailed Explanation

• The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e., B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
• The B-lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These proteins are called antibodies. The T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells to produce them.
• Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small called light chains and two longer called heavy chains.
• Hence, an antibody is represented as H2L2.

Answer: (D) None of the above

Detailed Explanation

Answer: (A) 1 only

Detailed Explanation

• The Joseph Shine case (officially Joseph Shine v. Union of India) is the landmark 2018 Supreme Court of India judgment that struck down Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), decriminalizing adultery. The court found the law, which criminalized adultery but only when a man committed it with a married woman, to be unconstitutional for violating fundamental rights to equality, privacy, and individual dignity, particularly for women. The ruling shifted adultery from the realm of criminal law to civil law, making it a ground for divorce but not a crime.
• The assertion that the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 provides criminal, civil, and legal remedies against a third party is false
• The Act itself does not provide for a remedy against a third party for interfering in a marriage, though legal recourse may be available under other laws.
• A significant recent development (Shelly Mahajan Case) is the Delhi High Court’s recognition of the civil wrong of “alienation of affection,” which allows a spouse to sue a third party for damages.

Answer: (D) None of the Above

Detailed Explanation

• A light-water reactor (LWR) is a type of nuclear reactor that uses ordinary water as both its coolant and neutron moderator.
• This “light water” slows down the fast neutrons produced during fission, making them more effective at causing further fissions and maintaining a self-sustaining chain reaction.
• LWRs are the most common type of nuclear reactor, accounting for over 80% of the world’s nuclear reactors.