Why is the Indus Water Treaty in News?
In a historic move, India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) with Pakistan for the first time ever. The treaty, which had survived four wars, decades of cross-border terrorism, and ongoing antagonism, has been held in abeyance by New Delhi.
This action signals a strong diplomatic stance: The suspension will continue until Pakistan credibly and irrevocably abjures its support for cross-border terrorism.
What is the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT)?
Signed in 1960, the Indus Waters Treaty was a water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank.
Key Provisions of the IWT:
-
Eastern Rivers: Sutlej, Beas, Ravi — Unrestricted use by India.
-
Western Rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab — Pakistan’s share, but India allowed limited use.
Despite periods of intense hostility, the treaty remained functional for decades, often cited as an example of successful conflict management.
What Actions Has India Taken?
Following the suspension announcement, India initiated a series of actions:
-
Closure of the Attari border post.
-
Cancellation of visas issued to Pakistani citizens.
-
Expulsion of several Pakistani personnel from Indian soil.
Suspension of IWT: What Are the Options Available for India?
India’s suspension of the treaty opens up several strategic possibilities:
-
Stop Sharing Water Flow Data
India can immediately withhold crucial water flow information from Pakistan. -
No Design or Operational Restrictions
India can use the waters of the Indus and its tributaries without limitations. -
Construction of Storage Infrastructure
India now has the option to create storage facilities on the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers. -
Restriction on Pakistani Inspections
India can stop visits by Pakistani officials to hydroelectric projects under construction in Jammu and Kashmir:-
Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project (on the Kishenganga, tributary of the Jhelum)
-
Ratle Hydroelectric Project (on the Chenab)
-
Immediate Impact of Suspension
While the suspension marks a significant diplomatic shift, it is important to note:
-
There will be no immediate impact on the flow of water to Pakistan.
-
India lacks the necessary infrastructure to either stop or divert the flow of water in the short term.
Thus, while the suspension has symbolic and legal weight, its operational consequences will unfold over a longer time frame.
Does the Indus Waters Treaty Have an Exit Clause?
No, the Indus Waters Treaty does not have an exit clause.
Key points:
-
Neither India nor Pakistan can unilaterally abrogate the treaty.
-
Any modification requires mutual consent.
-
The treaty has no end date.
What is the Dispute Resolution Mechanism in IWT?
The treaty outlines a stepwise dispute resolution framework:
-
Permanent Indus Commission – First point of contact for issues.
-
Neutral Expert – For technical differences.
-
Permanent Court of Arbitration – For legal disputes.
However, if India completely revokes the treaty, this mechanism becomes ineffective, as it applies only under the treaty.
Can Pakistan Take the Matter to International Court of Justice?
No, Pakistan cannot approach the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for revival or enforcement of the treaty because:
-
India’s reservation under the ICJ Statute prevents Pakistan from filing a case against India related to the treaty.
-
There is no provision in the IWT for external enforcement or revival once revoked.
Dams: The Core of the Dispute
Pakistan’s longstanding objections primarily center around the design of India’s run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects, specifically:
-
Kishenganga Project
-
Ratle Project
Though these projects do not obstruct the river’s natural flow, Pakistan has consistently alleged violations of the treaty.
UPSC-Relevant FAQs on Suspension of Indus Water Treaty
❓ What rivers are involved in the Indus Waters Treaty?
-
Eastern Rivers (India’s use): Sutlej, Beas, Ravi
-
Western Rivers (Pakistan’s use): Indus, Jhelum, Chenab
❓ Can India legally exit the Indus Waters Treaty?
No. The treaty has no exit clause and can only be modified with mutual consent.
❓ What immediate steps has India taken after suspending the IWT?
Closure of Attari border, cancellation of visas, expulsion of Pakistani personnel.
❓ Will the suspension affect Pakistan’s water supply immediately?
No, because India currently lacks infrastructure to divert or block water flows.
Conclusion
The suspension of the Indus Water Treaty is not just a geopolitical event; it is a watershed moment in India-Pakistan relations. It reflects how international agreements can be influenced by evolving national interests, particularly concerning terrorism, security, and resource sovereignty.
For UPSC aspirants, understanding the nuances of IWT — from legal aspects to geopolitical implications — is crucial for GS Paper 2 (International Relations) and Essay.
